The gut-brain axis encompasses bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS). This is mediated via the autonomic nervous system, including the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system (ENS), and endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. These systems coordinate physiology and behavior in health and disease. The underlying mechanisms and pathways are now being elucidated in this emerging area of scientific interest. Understanding the gut-brain axis augments neurobiological mechanisms and provides opportunities to treat CNS disorders from the periphery as well as metabolic and immunologic diseases. This meeting will bring together basic and applied scientists from across academia and industry to advance our understanding of gut-brain signaling. By highlighting the latest research across the components of the gut-brain axis, including vagal and ENS circuits and gut hormone and immune signaling, the role of the microbiome, and the gut-brain axis in health and disease, this meeting will catalyze increased interest, investment and cross-discipline collaborations to advance promising new approaches to improving human health.